Exploring the Historic 123 Agreement: When was it Signed?

As a law enthusiast, I have always been fascinated by the intricacies of international agreements and their impact on global politics and diplomacy. One such agreement that has caught my attention is the 123 Agreement, also known as the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement. In this blog post, we will delve into the history of this groundbreaking agreement and explore the question, “When was the 123 Agreement signed?”

The 123 Agreement: A Brief Overview

The 123 Agreement, signed between the United States and India, is a landmark nuclear cooperation deal that aims to facilitate civilian nuclear trade between the two countries. It marked a significant shift in the nuclear policies of both nations and has had far-reaching implications for global non-proliferation efforts.

Historical Background

The negotiations leading to the 123 Agreement were complex and protracted, with both countries navigating through geopolitical challenges and domestic political considerations. After years discussions, agreement was finally signed October 10, 2008.

Key Provisions and Impact

The 123 Agreement set the stage for India to gain access to civilian nuclear technology and fuel, despite not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. This accorded India a unique status in the global nuclear arena and opened up new opportunities for bilateral cooperation in the energy sector.

Case Study: Implementation Challenges

While the signing of the 123 Agreement was a momentous occasion, its implementation has faced several hurdles. The operationalization of the deal has been impacted by liability issues, domestic opposition, and changing geopolitical dynamics. These challenges have underscored the complexities of nuclear cooperation agreements and the need for sustained diplomatic engagement.

Looking Ahead

Despite the initial roadblocks, the 123 Agreement continues to shape the U.S.-India relationship and has paved the way for closer collaboration in the areas of nuclear energy, security, and non-proliferation. As we reflect on the significance of this agreement, it is clear that its impact transcends national boundaries and holds lessons for future international agreements.

The 123 Agreement stands as a testament to the power of diplomatic negotiations in shaping global partnerships. Its signing on October 10, 2008, marked pivotal moment U.S.-India relations and has left an indelible imprint on the nuclear landscape. As a law enthusiast, I am inspired by the complexities and nuances of such agreements, and I look forward to witnessing their continued evolution in the international arena.

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When Was the 123 Agreement Signed? Legal FAQ

Question	Answer
1. What 123 Agreement?	The 123 Agreement, also known as the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement, is a bilateral agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of India. It aims to enable civilian nuclear trade between the two countries and facilitate India`s access to nuclear fuel and technology, while ensuring non-proliferation objectives are met.
2. When was the 123 Agreement signed?	The 123 Agreement was signed on October 10, 2008, by then-U.S. President George W. Bush and then-Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.
3. What are the key provisions of the 123 Agreement?	The key provisions of the 123 Agreement include allowing India to conduct nuclear trade with the U.S. and other countries, subject to certain conditions and safeguards to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. It also outlines commitments related to reprocessing spent nuclear fuel and ensuring the safeguarding of nuclear material and technology.
4. How does the 123 Agreement impact India`s nuclear program?	The 123 Agreement effectively ended India`s nuclear isolation and opened up opportunities for cooperation and trade in nuclear technology and fuel. It allowed India to expand its nuclear energy capabilities and address its growing energy needs.
5. What legal implications does the 123 Agreement have for the U.S. India?	The 123 Agreement carries legal implications related to nuclear trade, non-proliferation commitments, and the transfer of sensitive nuclear technology. Both countries are bound by the terms and conditions outlined in the agreement, which require adherence to international non-proliferation standards and safeguards.
6. Can the 123 Agreement be terminated or amended?	Yes, the 123 Agreement can be terminated or amended, subject to the procedures specified in the agreement itself. Any termination or amendment would require formal notification and consultation between the parties involved.
7. Are there any ongoing legal issues related to the 123 Agreement?	While there have been debates and discussions about certain aspects of the 123 Agreement, particularly in relation to its implementation and impact on non-proliferation efforts, there are no major ongoing legal issues directly challenging the validity or legality of the agreement.
8. How does the 123 Agreement align with international nuclear laws and treaties?	The 123 Agreement is designed to align with international nuclear laws and treaties, including the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the guidelines of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). It reflects a balance between promoting peaceful nuclear cooperation and ensuring effective non-proliferation measures.
9. Who oversees the implementation of the 123 Agreement?	The implementation of the 123 Agreement is overseen by designated authorities and agencies in both the U.S. India, including U.S. Department of State and the Indian Ministry of External Affairs. Regular consultations and reporting mechanisms are in place to monitor compliance and address any issues that may arise.
10. What are the implications of the 123 Agreement for global nuclear governance?	The 123 Agreement has implications for global nuclear governance by influencing the dynamics of nuclear trade, technology transfer, and non-proliferation efforts. It has sparked discussions about the role of emerging nuclear powers and the need for balancing energy security with non-proliferation goals in the international arena.

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Legal Contract: When was 123 Agreement signed

This contract is entered into on this day [date], by and between the parties involved in the 123 Agreement. This contract aims to establish the specific details and date of the signing of the 123 Agreement as per the legal requirements and regulations.

Party A	Party B
Representative: [Name]	Representative: [Name]
Address: [Address]	Address: [Address]
Contact: [Contact]	Contact: [Contact]

Contract Terms

In accordance with the laws and regulations of [Jurisdiction], it is agreed that the 123 Agreement was signed on the date of [Date]. The parties involved confirm the legitimacy and validity of the agreement as per the legal requirements.

All terms and conditions outlined in the 123 Agreement shall be binding and enforceable as of the date of signing, and any violations or breaches shall be subject to legal action as per the applicable laws.

This contract shall be governed by the laws of [Jurisdiction], and any disputes arising from the interpretation or implementation of this contract shall be resolved through legal proceedings in the appropriate court of law.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereby affix their signatures on this day [Date] to acknowledge their understanding and acceptance of the terms and conditions set forth in this contract.

Party A	Party B
Signature: ___________________	Signature: ___________________